EU
European Commission (Henna Virkkunen)
Enforcer of the DMA that issued the binding specification decisions, framing them as necessary to create real alternatives to Google Search and Gemini in the EU.
GO
Google / Alphabet (Kent Walker)
Subject of the order; argues the ruling undermines device security and user privacy, and has a history of narrowing prior EU remedies through OEM contract terms.
RI
Rival AI assistant makers (ChatGPT, Claude, Perplexity, Mistral)
Stand to gain Gemini-equivalent, system-level Android access once certified, closing a structural integration gap that has shaped assistant competition.
RI
Rival search engines and AI chatbot companies
Gain access to anonymized Google Search query and click data starting 2027, subject to vetting and independent audits, to improve their own ranking quality.
Cited as a comparison point - previously withheld Siri AI features from EU users rather than build interoperability it said couldn't meet EU privacy and security standards.
AN
Android device manufacturers (OEMs)
Implementation layer for the order; critics warn it could force Google to centralize security governance across OEMs, reducing architectural diversity.